详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
在托福阅读考试中，有好的训练 方法 和一定量的解题技巧，可以为你的托福阅读得到高分。那具体这些解题技巧和方法托福阅读详解我们应该如何应用到平时的练习中去呢?下面托福阅读详解我就为大家整理了这些，希望可以帮助到大家，快来一起学习吧。
详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
1.每一篇 文章 第一次做时，尽量按照考试速度要求做。
2.做完后，接下来就要认真把文章读一遍，划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句，查出单词意思，(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句，同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析，特别是OG和汉客笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目)，一定要把题目涉及的文章内容仔细看，甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容，培养对易出题的考点的感觉，甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都做完，这篇文章也就基本吃透了，这时再重新把文章读一遍，最好多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许，做过一次的阅读文章最好都尽量精读，吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求，就像只顾吃饭，对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。
3.等过了三五天，或者两三周以后，有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍，作为巩固，复习，而且有时还会温故知新。
P.S 如果时间不足，OG的文章是一定要精读的，而且题目也要仔细研究，这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福阅读其实也是同样适用的，只要文章中出现如下内容，都要引起注意：举例证明，罗列式例举，转折(否定)，因果，下定义，比较级(最高级)，同位语(插入语)，数字年代，特殊标点(引号，破折号等)。
阅读具体的做题顺序
阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题
它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题
对于广大非牛来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做 总结 题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
托福阅读题型破解
阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了，也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛， 作文 一般，还想考到100分，那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。(我认为对于多数人来说，要达到一百分，28，26，22，24这个结构是比较容易达到的。)
在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过 同义词 来完成的。即题干中多用 近义词 来对原文中的 句子 进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
关于复习的时间安排。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习了。复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的。
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details, IdentifyingNegative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。
还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。这是非常有用的。
托福阅读词汇实践出高分
有些人在复习托福阅读一开始就抱着词汇书背，我认为那样做背起来特别容易忘，而且还到实际中还不知道怎么用。其实不妨这样做，那一开始就做真题，就像摸考一样，然后在对答案的时候，遇到的不懂得单词，再看那些跟着每一套阅读真题的单词(有一些书就是跟着每套题的单词，全篇翻译都有的)，这时候再背单词，做一套，背一套，大概这样做上4、5套题，你的感觉就是，大体主要的单词也就是这些了，那你就提高到一个境界了。
而且复习托福阅读真题让你对真题书而有熟，是一举几得的事。我就是这么做的，是清华的一个家伙介绍给我的，真是不错，现在大概复习有1个多月了，错题数能控制在2个以内。当然另外，还要注意一点，那就是一个阅读的方法问题，我也想说一下，希望对大家有用。
托福阅读备考的方法
其实 快速阅读 的技巧在掌握文章的思路，使整篇文章的段落层次，清晰在大脑中展现。
在读第一段时，特别是第一句，往往给我们一个大致的思路，文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句，然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么，这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段，又讲了什么，这里面的重要细节又是什么。
几段下来，每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?这样，在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图 ，在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。
在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章大意，它的思路和主题。
再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你"读"完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
答题。根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完，你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰，做题的时候，就可以很快找到出题点，而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出，主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以，大家不妨试试，就会明白了。
需要注意的是，复习的时候，一定要看原文章，将文章通读，遇到忘了的单词，在重新回来查书上的解释，然后再背。这样背过的单词就不再是一个个孤立的单 词，而且也省去了枯燥背单词的时间，更主要的是，这样背过的单词，你会对这个词的用法很熟悉，不容易忘，或者就像有些人所说的，明明在单词表里觉得挺熟的 词，到了真正的阅读中，又会觉得很生疏，或者不能立刻反映出它的意思了。
托福阅读备考时大家要在做托福阅读真题的同时理解背诵单词，这样才能进一步加强托福阅读学习的质量，希望对大家有帮助。
托福阅读真题1
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry
2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak
3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten
glass made the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable
5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(B) decorations
(C) ornaments
(D) novelties for collectors
6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny
7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the
following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yarn reels
8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line 25)
PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD
托福阅读真题2
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varèse(1 883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for example — made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments — may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music — tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has been adapted for nontraditional sounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound
2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive
(A) more distinctive
(B) more controversial
(C) more extensive
(D) more impressive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composer who
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) piano
(B) string
(C) blade
(D) music
5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instruments has played a role in
much of the innovation in western music?
(A) string
(B) percussion
(C) woodwind
(D) brass
6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage , which of the following would be considered traditional elements of
Western music?
(A) microtones
(B) tom-toms and bongos
(C) pianos
(D) hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD
新托福阅读题型分几类呢？求详解
托福阅读题型大致有如下这么十种：
细节题 Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )
占比很大，考主要考查的是提取关键词和在文章中定位有用解题信息的能力，一般就是纯粹的事实层面上的问题。
排除题 Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )
一般题干中会出现大写的单词 EXCEPT、NOT、LESS，我们要在大脑中对于四个选项的内容和原文进行四次匹配，完成一道这样的题目。
推断题 Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )
推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是不明说，最常考的就是否定关系和比较关系的推断。如，或者说“在1815年后，工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”，关键就是要暗示你在1815年前，工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。要求能够读懂文章并且分析清楚文章内容逻辑关系。、
修辞目的题 Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )
修辞目的题和推断题都是上升到主观层面上对作者意图进行考查的题目，常见如举例说明。这种题目要求考生理解全文结构，尤其是段落内部以及段落与段落之间的关系。
词汇题 Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set )
熟悉托福单词，掌握常见释义，做题的时候要结合文章内容，选择在上下文语境中合适的释义。
指代题 Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )
常见指示代词的指代，想要做对这样的题目，要彻底读懂文章，熟悉上下文内容。
简化句子题 Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )
把长难句进行同义改写和简化，保留主要信息和重要逻辑关系，尤其是句子主干的判断，做好这些就可以轻松应对句子简化题了。
插入句子题 Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )
主要考查的就是句子之间的逻辑关系，有时候碰到跨段落的插入句子题就需要再多考虑一些段落和段落之间的逻辑关系。读懂文章内容，分析清楚逻辑关系。
文章内容小结题 Prose Summary;
完成图表题 Fill in a Table
这两种题型比较类似，它们都是宏观题，解题时候要联系全文主旨的题型。它们在考试中固定的出现在最后一道题的位置，只不过图表题比文章内容小结题多了分类的内容。想要做对这样的题目，需要掌握全文主要内容和结构，注意细节的判断。小细节即便是正确的也不能选，需要选择重要的大细节。当然最重要的是能力的提高。
全面解析托福阅读中动名词的5种用法
全面解析托福阅读中动名词的5种用法
1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词
2. 动名词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
He was praised for having done a good deed.
3. 动词+介词构成的 短语 ，其后跟动名词做宾语
be/get used to
feel like
insist on
devote…to…
put off
look forward to
succeed in
get down to
set about
give up
4. 可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能
a waiting car
a waiting room
a sleeping boy
a sleeping bag
5. 动名词的复合结构
形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构
在 句子 中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.
1)在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用名词普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2)如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3)there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如：
What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
托福阅读材料：埃及艳后传记
After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had produced no children). After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit. According to tradition, she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC. She was outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus.
在凯撒于公元前44年被谋杀之后，埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉与马克·安东尼(Mark Antony)联合起来对抗凯撒的法定继承人——盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒·屋大维(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus，他后来被称作奥古斯都，Augustus)。她与安东尼诞下了三个孩子：双胞胎姐弟—克里奥帕特拉·赛勒涅二世(Cleopatra Selene II )和亚历山大·赫利俄斯(Alexander Helios)，以及幼子托勒密·菲拉德尔福斯(Ptolemy Philadelphus)。在此之前，克里奥帕特拉与她的兄弟们的结合并没有留下子嗣。在亚克兴战役(Battle of Actium)中败给屋大维之后，安东尼选择了自杀，克里奥帕特拉也如此效仿。根据传统的记载，埃及艳后在公元前30年八月十二日引毒蛇将自己咬死。在她死后，其子凯撒里昂(Caesarion)被支持者拥戴为法老，但他也很快被屋大维下令处死。从此，埃及变为了罗马的埃及行省(拉丁文写作Aegyptus)。
Relationship with Julius Caesar
Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar's anger toward Ptolemy, Cleopatra had herself secretly smuggled into his palace to meet with Caesar. Plutarch, in his Life of Julius Caesar gives a vivid description of how she entered past Ptolemy’s guards rolled up in a carpet that Apollodorus the Sicilian was carrying. She became Caesar’s mistress and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means "little Caesar."
埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉想要利用凯撒对托勒密的愤怒，便设法秘密潜入凯撒的住处与他见面。普鲁塔克(Plutarch，罗马帝国时期的希腊历史学家)在他的凯撒传记中生动地描述了这一过程：她将自己裹在毯子里，由西西里的阿波罗多鲁斯(Apollodorus the Sicilian)扛进凯撒的住处，以此躲过托勒密的卫兵的眼睛。她成为了凯撒的情妇，并且在两人第一次见面的九个月之后，公元前47年，产下了他们的儿子—托勒密·凯撒(Ptolemy Caesar,)。他绰号凯撒里昂，意思是”小凯撒“。
At this point, Caesar abandoned his plans to annex Egypt, instead backing Cleopatra's claim to the throne. After Mithridates raised the siege of Alexandria, Caesar defeated Ptolemy's army at the Battle of the Nile; Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with another younger brother Ptolemy XIV as her new co-ruler. When Caesar left Egypt he stationed a Roman occupying army of three legions there under the command of Rufio.
凯撒放弃了兼并埃及的计划，转而支持克里奥帕特拉取得王位。在米特里达梯(Mithridates)开始围攻亚历山大之后，凯撒在尼罗河战役中击败了托勒密的军队。托勒密十三世溺死在尼罗河中，而凯撒帮助克里奥帕特拉重夺王位，并且立她的另一个弟弟托勒密十四世(Ptolemy XIV)为她的新共治者。凯撒离开埃及时留下了一支三个军团组成的罗马军队，交给鲁菲奥(Rufio)指挥。
Although Cleopatra was 21 years old when they met and Caesar was 52, they became lovers during Caesar’s stay in Egypt between 48 BC and 47 BC. Cleopatra claimed Caesar was the father of her son and wished him to name the boy his heir, but Caesar refused, choosing his grandnephew Octavian instead.
凯撒于公元前48年和47年在埃及逗留期间，尽管克里奥帕特拉当时仅有21岁而凯撒已经有52岁，他们还是成为了恋人。克里奥帕特拉声称凯撒是他儿子的生父，并且希望凯撒指定他们的孩子作为继承人。然而凯撒拒绝了她的要求，并将自己的甥孙屋大维(Octavian)立为继承人。
Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in the summer of 46 BC. The Egyptian queen resided in one of Caesar's country houses, which included the Horti Caesaris just outside Rome (as a foreign head of state she was not allowed inside Rome's pomerium). The relationship between Cleopatra and Caesar was obvious to the Roman people and caused a scandal because the Roman dictator was already married to Calpurnia Pisonis. But Caesar even erected a golden statue of Cleopatra represented as Isisin the temple of Venus Genetrix (the mythical ancestress of Caesar's family), which was situated at the Forum Julium. The Roman orator Cicero said in his preserved letters that he hated the foreign queen. Cleopatra and her entourage were still in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC., returning with her relatives to Egypt. When Ptolemy XIV died – allegedly poisoned by his older sister – Cleopatra made Caesarion her co-regent and successor and gave him the epithets Theos Philopator Philometor (= Father- and mother-loving God).
克里奥帕特拉、托勒密十四世和凯撒里昂于公元前46年夏天访问了罗马。埃及艳后下他在凯撒在乡下的庄园中，包括罗马近郊的凯撒庄园(拉丁文Horti Caesaris。作为外国元首，克里奥帕特拉不可以进入罗马的城市边界，拉丁文pomerium)。凯撒和克里奥帕特拉之间的关系，对于罗马人民来说是显而易见的事情。这成了一桩丑闻，因为罗马独裁者已经和卡普尼亚·皮索尼斯。凯撒甚至在位于尤利乌斯广场(Forum Julium)专门供奉自己的家族神话祖先母亲维纳斯(Venus Genetrix)的神庙中立起了一座克里奥帕特拉的黄金塑像。罗马著名演说家西塞罗(Cicero)甚至在自己的私人信件中直接表达了他对这位外国女王的怨恨。凯撒在公元前44年三月十五日被刺杀时，克里奥帕特拉和克里奥帕特拉和她的随行人员正准备从罗马返回埃及。在托勒密十四世死后(他有可能正是被自己的姐姐克里奥帕特拉毒杀的)，她将凯撒里昂立为自己的共治者和继承人，并赐予他爱父亲爱母亲的神这个称号(希腊语是Theos Philopator Philometor)。
托福阅读材料：如何成为人见人爱的同事
Leadership and dedication to your job might improve your favour in the eyes of your boss but won't win you friends among your peers.
有领导能力、尽心工作，这是老板眼中的加分项，却不会让你在同事当中多几个朋友。
Colleagues appreciate social sensitivities more than professional skills in their co-workers, a new study has found.
最新调查显示，与专业技能相比，同事更欣赏那些社交敏感度高的人。
Being effective – or the ability to deliver results and not let your teammates down – was voted the most crucial trait in a colleague, attracting 37pc of votes, according to a survey of around 2,000 UK adults.
根据一项针对近两千位英国成年人开展的调查，工作有成效，或者说是工作有成果，不让你的团队成员失望，是同事最看中的品质，支持率为37%。
Three in 10 respondents highlighted optimism and enthusiasm as the most important quality in a workmate, prioritising someone who would be able to keep team spirits high during stressful times.
三成受访者认为，同事具有乐观和热情的品质最重要，在工作紧张时，能让团队士气保持高涨的同事最受欢迎。
The next most popular feature was trustworthiness, which was deemed to be more relevant to the making of a good colleague than taking the initiative, being knowledgeable and having organisation skills.
第二大最受欢迎的品质是可靠性，与积极主动、知识渊博和有组织能力相比，受访者认为值得信赖的同事更是个好同事。
Lurking at the lower end of the hierarchy were traits that might be more commonly associated with the workplace, such as leadership and dedication.
排在末位的是一些与工作相关度更高的品质，比如领导能力和敬业精神。
"What is interesting from this research is that British workers really are quite focussed – they rated effectiveness the number-one most important trait in their ideal colleague," said Declan Byrne, managing director at One4all Rewards.
“有趣的是，英国的员工对工作真的很用心，他们认为理想同事最重要的品质是工作有成效”，One4all Rewards公司总经理德克兰-伯恩说。
"But it’s not all results focussed. British workers also hugely value having colleagues who can act as a bit of a friend – keeping everyone’s spirits up, as well as sharing secrets and worries."
“但也不全以工作结果为导向。英国员工也对那些有点儿像朋友的同事评价很高，能让所有人精神焕发，还能和同事分享秘密与担忧。”
How to be the most loved colleague at work：
如何成为人见人爱的同事：
Be effective and deliver results (37pc)
工作有成效，富有成果(37%)
Be optimistic and enthusiastic (31pc)
乐观、热情(31%)
Be trustworthy enough to keep secrets or listen to worries (30pc)
在保密方面足够守信，或能倾听别人的担忧(30)
Display initiative (27pc)
富有主动性(27%)
Be knowledgeable about what you do (25pc)
对于你在做什么很有见解(25%)
Meet deadlines and be organised (24pc)
能按时完成工作，井然有序(24%)
Be empathetic enough to offer a shoulder to cry on (18pc)
有同情心，能给别人慰藉(18%)
Show leadership (13pc)
有领导能力(13%)
Be dedicated – arrive early and stay late (11pc)
敬业—早到晚走(11%)
托福阅读背景资料之茶和咖啡
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
关于这两种饮料孰优孰劣的问题已经引发了无数争论。但是科学证据是怎样的呢?
George Orwell may have written that “tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country” – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cAPpuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
乔治·奥威尔或许写过“茶是这个国家文明的一个支柱”这样的句子——但我们英国人也要承认，随着浓咖啡、卡布奇诺和拿铁侵入国门，我们的全民饮料正面临着激烈的竞争。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There’s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
尽管探讨这个敏感话题充满风险，“BBC未来”栏目还是决定对每种饮品的相对优点进行评估。当然，百人百味，但通过精心梳理科学文献，我们找出了它们对人体和大脑真实的、可测量的影响。
The wake-up call
醒脑剂
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it’s the oil to our engines when we’re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn’t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
对许多人来说，咖啡因的兴奋作用是我们选择这两种饮料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一样，给我们身体的引擎以能量。只考虑成分的话，咖啡可以轻松获胜：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大约只有标准杯过滤咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，这并非反映了它们的醒脑作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通过让被试者饮用一定量的茶或咖啡，一项研究发现，这两种饮料都能让受试者在早晨晚些时候感到同样清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It’s a draw.
结论：虽然逻辑上讲不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒脑作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠质量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之间最大的差异或许将集中体现在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention during the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通过对比研究每天饮用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英国萨里大学的研究人员证实，尽管两种饮料在白天对注意力集中的作用差不多，但或许是因为咖啡里的咖啡因含量更高，喝咖啡的人晚上更难入睡。
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
结论：茶不仅拥有咖啡的许多好处，还不会带来不眠之夜——完胜
Tooth staining
牙齿变黄
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
众所周知，红酒、咖啡和茶都会把洁白的牙齿慢慢染成暗黄色或棕褐色。但哪个最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea’s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee’s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多数牙医似乎一致认为，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附着于牙釉质之上——尤其当你使用常见的洗必泰漱口水时，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微观粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
结论：如果你想展现完美笑容，两害相权取其轻，咖啡也许还好一点。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安灵魂的慰藉……
In England, it’s common to give “tea and sympathy” to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英国人喜欢给烦恼苦闷的朋友送去“茶与同情”——这是由于他们认为伯爵茶能够治愈不安的灵魂。事实上，有证据表明，茶可以舒缓神经：与喝中草药的人相比，经常 饮茶 者在处理一些令人不安的情况(如公开演讲)时确实表现得更为镇静。总的来说，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁症的风险要低37%。
Coffee doesn’t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent “meta-analysis” (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to reduce your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡并没有这种功效;事实上，有些人觉得咖啡会让人有些神经错乱。但是也有证据表明，咖啡能预防长期精神问题。最近的一项“荟萃分析”( 总结 了超过30万名参与者的研究结果)发现，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁症的风险比常人要低大约8%。相比之下，其他饮料(如甜味软饮)只会增加患精神疾病的风险。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it’s a draw.
结论：基于有限的证据，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身体的万金油
托福TPO听说读写1-48文本及MP3资料压缩包-立即下载
Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to reduce your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病学研究虽然才刚刚起步，但也很吸睛。该领域研究表明，咖啡和茶都对身体还有 其它 益处。例如，每天喝几杯会降低患糖尿病的风险。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
饮用这两种饮料能对心脏起到一定的保护作用，尽管证据显示似乎咖啡的功效更强，但许是因为茶中的抗氧化剂，茶对预防癌症也有些许功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
结论：还是平局——这两种饮料都是神奇的、有益健康的灵丹妙药。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night’s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
总结：大部分英国人都会觉得茶很明显更胜一筹。但除了个人口味，必须承认的是两者的差异并不大。仅仅基于能让人好眠这一点，茶无疑是赢家。
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★ 托福阅读长难句解决方法解析
★ 托福阅读infer题的具体解析
求新托福阅读的10种题型详解？
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同学您好：根据美国ETS发行的新托福考试官方指南，在新托福阅读考试中共有十种题型；
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES
Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set )
1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题
2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题
3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题
4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题
5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题
6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题
7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题
8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题
Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set )
9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题
10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题
其中，前八种为微观题，解题不需要联系文章主旨。后两种为宏观题，解题需要联系文章主旨，解题难度高于微观题。
新托福考试的十种题型有六种是沿用旧托福考试中已经出现的题型（细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题），因此这六种题型我们最好使用旧托福的复习资料。因为新托福考试备考过程中的一个问题就是真题资料的匮乏，我们需要尽可能利用来自ETS的真题资料。而四种新题型，句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题，代表了托福考试的新动向，是需要引起广大考生的重视的。下面就来对这十种题型一一进行介绍和评价。
1、Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题
这是托福阅读考试中可能占到最大比重的一种题型，托福阅读考试一般是每篇文章12-14道题，尤其最近几乎都是14道题，如果一篇文章中出现了6道细节题，这个比例还是非常引人注目的。而且细节题可以说是能屈能伸的一种题型，就是说，它要容易，可以很容易，它要想难，可以非常难。所以我们的同学复习到后期，进行错题统计的时候会发现，错的最多的，竟然还是这个细节题，所以它是非常令人纠结的一种题型。细节题和词汇题加起来可以构成整个托福阅读考试题目的半壁江山，是我们取得托福阅读高分的基础，因此，我们不得不想办法攻克这种题型。
细节题从考查能力的角度上来说，主要考查的是提取关键词和在文章中定位有用解题信息的能力。细节题的问题一般就是纯粹的事实层面上的问题，主要问作者说了什么？哪些信息是真的？解题的时候，80%左右的细节题都只需要阅读文章中一两个关键的句子就足够解题了。这就意味着考生要根据题干中提供的关键词，回到原文中精准地找到解题的关键句子，读懂了之后，就能快速的把细节题解对而无需阅读全文或者全段。这种能力对同学们今后在美国大学中求学生涯来说是至关重要的。因为美国大学要求的阅读量远比中国大学要求的阅读量要大。那么在浩瀚如烟的文章中怎样快速找到有用的信息，就决定了你的阅读的速度和阅读的质量。因此ETS将这种题放在第一的位置上来介绍，也是费了一番心思的。
2、Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题
排除题很好辨认，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑中对于四个选项的内容和原文进行四次匹配，才能完成一道这样的题目。所以这种题目解题的时候，阅读量较细节题要大，思维活动的次数也比细节题要多，简言之，这种题就是来拖延时间，放慢你的解题速度的。因此同学们会发现，这种题目出现的频率不能高，现在ETS为了提高托福阅读的考试难度，所采用的一种方法就是在文章中增加排除题的出现频率。
3、Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题
推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。按理说美国人应该比较喜欢直来直去，但是人家也会偶尔在考试的时候用用犹抱琵琶半遮面，出个推断题来考考你。在推断题中最常考的就是否定关系和比较关系的推断。比如说“不像海獭，想象一下早期的鲸鱼长什么样子很不容易”，就是告诉你，想象一下早期的海獭长什么样子其实比较容易。或者说“在1815年后，工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”，关键就是要暗示你在1815年前，工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。
因此推断题的解题难度要略高于细节题，因为考生不仅要理解原文的意思，还要据此来做一步逻辑上的推断，这就从纯粹考查客观的题目上升到了考查作者主观方面的高度，从哲学上来讲，可是好大的一步呢！但是关键是这一步推断又不能走得太远，一步足矣，推两步就错了，因此推断的度很不好把握。我们中国的同学，逻辑思维能力好的人，往往思维跳得太快，自己推理推了不止一步，选错了会觉得很委屈。这也是我们同学不太喜欢的一种题型。
4、Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题
修辞目的题和推断题都是上升到主观层面上对作者意图进行考查的题目，但是美国人所说的修辞，跟我们中学语文课上说的修辞手法是不太一样的，范围要大了很多，举例解释说明都属于修辞手法。这种题要求考生去领会作者的写作精神，描述一下作者是怎样把段落内部或者段落之间构筑起来。因此对于我们的考生来说，做这样的题，关键是要把自己的角色及时切换到作者的立场上去，问题就比较容易迎刃而解了。
5、Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题
词汇题也是最典型的解题难度小，量又大的题目了。这种题在整个托福考试中有一个至关重要的角色，就是为你节省时间的。因为托福考试每篇文章是14道题，700个单词左右的文章，时间却只有20分钟，所以每道题分配的时间其实不能超过1分钟。可是有些题型本身难度比较高，解题时间必然要超过1分钟。所以如果想在20分钟的时限内完成阅读文章的考试，我们必须寻找一些简单的题目，从它们身上把时间省下来，用在比较难的题目上去。因此我们反复强调考生要好好背单词，单词基础好的人不仅仅阅读省力，做词汇题的时候速度也快的惊人，基本上可以控制在10秒之内。如果用猜词的方法，也许也能做对，但是猜词必然要花时间，那么词汇题的时间优势就被消解了，后面的题往往就要被放弃。这个选择其实是很痛苦的。
6、Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题
指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题，由于它难度不高，现在在托福考试中出现的概率已经低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章，竟然一道指代题都没有，这也许说明了ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。但是指代题的原理，我们的同学必须要掌握。因为虽然也许你碰到指代题的概率低了很多，但是ETS在插入句子题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目，用代词来做主语，你不得不去确定这个代词主语到底指代的是前文中的什么才能继续解题。所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型，同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法，分析一些例题，应该可以很好地应付这种题型。
7、Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题
句子简化题是整个新托福考试中最有价值的一种题型，新托福阅读考试是以句子为考查中心，而句子简化题就最好地表现了这种考查中心。句子简化题考查的其实是我们的精读能力，和官方指南中的例题不同，在新托福阅读考试中出现的句子简化题，被简化的句子现在都往往是本身非常长的句子，确实很需要简化，同时句子的结构很复杂，几乎每一个句子简化题被标阴影的句子都是一个长难句。我们的考生有可能把句子读了两三遍还没有找到这个句子的主干，主谓宾结构或者主谓表结构都分不清，更不要说整个句子全部信息的主次关系了。
这种题型的根本就是同义改写，但是这种改写是有要求的，一方面我们要改写句子，尽可能的保留句子的原意，另一方面我们还要简化这个句子，因此如果从出题人的角度来考虑，我们必须要做的一件事，就是在长句子中分清主次，把主要信息保留下来，把次要信息丢掉，然后改写句子，才能完成这样一道题。因此考生也很有必要在平时备考复习过程中对托福阅读中出现的长难句展开分析。锻炼提高我们的精读能力，找到句子的核心意思，才能高效准确地解对这种题。
8、Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题
插入句子题对我们中国学生来说是比较没有技术含量的一种题。主要考查的就是句子之间的逻辑关系，有时候碰到跨段落的插入句子题就需要再多考虑一些段落和段落之间的逻辑关系。其实只要考生的精读能力够了，能够读懂需要插入的句子和原文的段落，这种题一般来说不会做错。
9、Prose Summary 文章内容小结题
10、 Fill in a Table 完成图表题
之所以将这两种题型放在一起来讲，就是因为这两种题从解题技巧上来说是非常接近的。它们都是宏观题，就是那种解题时候要联系全文主旨的题型。它们在考试中固定的出现在最后一道题的位置，并且是互斥的关系。只不过图表题比文章内容小结题多了分类的内容，因此如果文章结构中没有出现对比和分类的话，基本上就不会碰到图表题。这就决定了我们在真正的考试中遇到文章内容小结题的概率会远远大于遇到图表题的概率。
这两种题从解题难度和分值两方面比较来说，都属于性价比比较高的题。但是总有同学反应说这两种题做不对，一般来说主要有两种原因，第一是因为读文章的方法不正确，没有能够读出来文章的主干结构，第二个原因很简单，是你没有时间了，因为阅读速度不高的同学，做到最后1分钟才来到这道大题，一看到六个以上的选项和几十秒的时间，立刻心理上就慌乱了，还没有看完题，文章就被强行切换了。
文章内容小结题其实就是一个“大”细节题，就是我们在选择正确的选项，不仅要保证这个细节的内容是对的，还要保证这个细节是文章中重要的事实信息。所以得是重大的细节才能入选。其他解题中提取关键词定位等技巧其实和细节题的技巧是一致的。所以讲到最后，大家发现又回到了细节题，因此我们说，细节题真的不愧是整个托福阅读考试中的基础
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新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
新托福阅读考试中偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令许多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不过新托福考试教师认为大家对“新题型”完全没必要害怕，下面托我就将给我们详细分析新托福阅读考试OG中没出现的各种“新题型”。
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
其实这些新题型并不是进入2009年，2010年以或者是2011年新出现的题型。这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才慢慢被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。话不多说，妙文开始!
新托福考试OG列出了阅读的10种题型：
1. Factual information questions (纯粹细节)
2. Negative factual information questions (否定细节)
3. Inference questions (推理题)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions (词汇题)
6. Reference questions (指代题)
7. Sentence simplification questions ( 句子 简化题)
8. Insert text question (句子插入题)
9. Prose summary (内容摘要题)
10. Fill in a table (表格归类题)
但实际上，新托福考试阅读当中还考了一些OG中没列举出来的题目：
一.段间关系概括题：这种题目要求考生概括出2个自然段间的逻辑关系。比如说《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》这篇 文章 的第6题。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辞手法题：这种题目是修辞目的的变体。OG中大多数题目只考察一个词组的修辞目的，而实际考试会对一句话甚至整段话的修辞目的进行考察。一个是考修辞对象，一个是考修辞的手段。比如说，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》这篇文章第2题：
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落结构题：这里题目考查的是文章段落的构架，可以算是新题型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》这篇文章的第9题，
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主题题：这种题目考查的是整个段落的主题，可以说是老托福段落主题题的延续：
比如《Petroleum Resources》这篇文章的12题：
12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 双选题：其实不仅仅在听力考试之中有双选题，阅读考试之中也是有双选题的，只是ETS有可能觉得这点并不重要，因此没有通知偶们，例子请见：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》这篇文章第5题。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》这篇文章第11题：
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外，OG对于新托福考试阅读题型的呈现 方法 也与真实考试有一定距离，如：
一.细节题的阅读跨度：OG中大多数题目只考一段，但是实际考试会有一道题目考2段、甚至是3段的情况。比如《GROUNDWATER》这篇文章的第10题：
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改写题的句子复杂性：真实考题比OG中的句子改写题要长很多，而且逻辑关系也更复杂。
三.指代题：OG指代题考得不少，真实考试指代题考得很少。
四.选项长度:真题的选项长度长很多。
五.细节题题干关键字没有在原文直接给出。这让考生定位细节难度大幅度增加。不过说句公道话，其实在老托福考试就已经这样了，并不是在新托福考试之中独有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》这篇文章的第11题。
11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的复杂程度
托福分类话题词汇——科技篇
Technology
state-of-?the-?art, cutting edge 尖端的
revolutionize 彻底改革
automated, mechanized 自动化的;机械化的
mass-??production 大规模生产
cost-?effective/economica l性价比高的
transform 改变
breakthrough 突破
break boundaries 打破界限
advance 发展，前进
information overload, information explosion 信息过量; 信息爆炸
inconceivable, novel, user-?friendly 想象不到的;原创的;用户友好的
speed up/accelerate, augment/enhance/boost efficiency 加速;提高效率
innovation, ingenious 创新;有独创性的
at a staggering rate 以一种令人惊愕的速度
ultra-?lightweight, portable 超级轻便的;可携带的
transaction交易
the proliferation of the Internet/the intensive use of the Internet/the widespread use of the Internet 网络的普及
托福分类话题词汇—— 教育 篇
Education
assignment, homework 任务，家庭作业
required/compulsory courses, elective courses 必修课程;选修课程
children and youth/adolescent 青少年
adapt to sth./adjust oneself to sth./become accustomed to sth. 适应
segregate students 区分对待学生
team spirit 团队精神
think independently 独立思考
students' feedback/input, 学生的反馈
students appraise/evaluate their teachers' performance学生对老师的评价
generalist, specialist, well-rounded/versatile 通才;专才;多才多艺的人
humanities, social science, arts, science and engineering, basic science, applied science 人文;社科;艺术;科技;基础科 学; 应用科学
self-discipline 自制，自我约束
interact, participation/involvement 交互;参与
schooling, parenting, vocational education, curriculum 上学;父母教育;职业教育;课程
be proficient in, well-acquainted with, role-model, perform well in 在…..方面很在行
peer pressure, overprotective, frustration 同辈压力;过度保护;崩溃
thought-provoking, enlightening, inspiring 激发思考的;启迪的，激发的
cultivate/foster/nurture 培养，养成
refreshing, uplifting, motivating 振奋人心的
juvenile delinquency/youth crime, bully, truancy 青少年犯罪;欺凌;逃学
impart/inculcate knowledge 传授知识
instill high moral values 灌输高尚的道德观
employable/marketable skills 就业技能
force-feed the students 填鸭教育学生
memorize for memorization's own sake 为了记忆而记忆
memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws 背诵公式理论和定理
follow sth. blindly/follow sth. indiscriminately 盲目跟从;不加区分地跟从
extinguish/stifle/constrain creativity 限制、扼杀创造力
dampen/sap the students' enthusiasm 打击学生热情
adverse circumstances/adversity 逆境
托福写作重要的三个步骤
第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。
要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))
用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，
欲速则不达;
用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔
，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做
到。
第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。
a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。
主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落
写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相
对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想
出来，就用哪一种。
b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完
型填空一样对待考场 作文 。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套
话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有
结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)
第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。
1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。
2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事
例时用的是过去时;
3、主谓一致
按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。
整洁
1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误
要擦干净再改;
2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，
可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。
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