雅思口语 求高手给素材
JUDGE'S PLEDGE
THE JUDGE'S PLEDGE
As a member of the judiciary who desires to improve relations among
counsel and between the Bench and the Bar, I pledge as follows:
To be courteous, respectful and civil to the attorneys, parties, and
witnesses who appear before the court;
To exercise my authority to ensure that all the attorneys, parties, and
witnesses conduct themselves in a civil manner;
To refrain from any conduct or statement which discriminates on the basis
of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation or other personal
characteristic of attorneys, parties, or witnesses;
To instruct all court personnel to act civilly toward attorneys, parties,
and witnesses;
To refrain from the use of abusive, demeaning or humiliating language and
opinions in oral or written communication with attorneys, parties, and
witnesses;
To be punctual in covering all hearings, meetings, and conferences;
To give full consideration to the papers and arguments presented by
counsel
To make a reasonable effort to decide promptly all matters presented for
decision;
To be aware of the time restraints and pressures imposed upon attorneys by
the exigencies of litigation practice, while nevertheless endeavoring to
resolve disputes efficiently;
To make every effort to adhere to the statutes and court rules which are
intended to establish uniformity among all of the courts;
To consider the legitimate calendaring conflicts of attorneys, parties,
and witnesses in the administration of those matters before the court;
To avoid conduct which would give an appearance of favoritism to any
particular counsel or party;
To be mindful that the court is the servant of the people and its purpose
is the administration of justice.
法官雅思口语teamwork的保证
作为法官队伍中雅思口语teamwork的一名希望改善律师之间的关系以及法官与律师之间的关系的成员雅思口语teamwork，本文作出如下保证雅思口语teamwork：
对出庭或到庭的律师、当事人以及证人礼貌、尊重、文明；
行使本人的职权以保证所有的律师、当事人以及证人以文明方式行事；
避免任何歧视律师、当事人或者证人的种族、宗教、性别、性取向、或其他个人特征的行为或语言；
指示所有法院人员以文明方式对待律师、当事人以及证人；
在与律师、当事人以及证人的口头或书面交流中避免辱骂性的、贬损性的或羞辱性的语言或意见；
准时进行所有的聆审和会议；
充分考虑律师呈交的所有文件和做出的所有辩论；
做出合理努力以迅速地对所有待决事项做出决定；
考虑到诉讼实践给律师带来的时间限制和压力雅思口语teamwork，但是仍然努力有效地解决争端；
尽力遵守旨在使所有法院统一的制定法和法院规则；
在处理法院事务是考虑律师、当事人以及证人的合理的时间冲突；
避免任何对某个律师或当事人由偏袒迹象的行为；
谨记法院是人民的公仆，其目的是维护正义。
Judges
Fewer than one in twenty of those admitted to practice law is a federal, state, county, or municipal court judge. Except for some inferior courts, judges are generally required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. There is so little uniformity that it is difficult to generalize further than to point out three salient characteristics that relate to the ranks from which judges are drawn, to the method of their selection, and to their tenure.
Judges are drawn from the practicing bar and less frequently from government service or the teaching profession. There is in the United States no career judiciary like that found in many other countries and there is no prescribed route for the young law graduate who aspires to be a judge, no apprenticeship that must be served, no service that must be entered. The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career. While it is not uncommon for a vacancy on a higher court to be filled by a judge from a lower court, even this cannot be said to be the rule. The legal profession is not entirely unaware of the advantages of a career judiciary, but it is generally thought that they are outweighed by the experience and independence which American lawyers bring to the bench. Many of the outstanding judges of the country�s highest courts have had no prior judicial experience. Criticism has centered instead on the prevalent method of selection of judges.
State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occassionally by the legislature. Popular election has been the subject of much disapproval, including that of the American Bar Association, on the ground that the public lacks interest in and information on candidates for judicial office and that therefore the outcome is too often controlled by leaders of political parties. The situation has been somewhat improved since many local bar associations have undertaken to evaluate the qualifications of candidates and to support or oppose them on this basis.
Since 1937, the American Bar Association has advocated the substitution of a system under which the governor appoints judges from a list submitted by a special nominating board and the judge then periodically stands unopposed for reelection by popular vote on the basis of his or her record. Such a system is now in effect, for at least some judges, in a substantial minority of states. In a small group of states, judges are appointed by the governor subject to legislative confirmation.
This is also the method of selection of federal judges, who are appointed by the President subject to confirmation by the Senate. Even under the appointive system the selection of judges is not immune from political influence and appointees are usually of the President�s or governor�s own party. But names of candidates for the federal judiciary are submitted to a committee of the American Bar Association and appointment is usually made only with its approval. The office of chief judge or chief justice is usually filled in the same manner as other judicial offices, although in some states it is filled from among the members of the court by rotation, by seniority of service, or by vote of the judges. The Chief Justice of the United States is appointed by the President, subject to Senate confirmation.
The third characteristic is that judges commonly serve for a term of years rather than for life. For courts of general jurisdiction it is typically four, six, or eight years, and for appellate courts, six, eight, or ten years. Happily, even where selection is by popular election, it is customary to return to office for sitting judges whose service has been satisfactory. In a few state courts and in the federal courts the judges sit for life. Whether on the bench for a term of years or for life, a judge may be removed from office only for gross misconduct and only by formal proceedings. Instances of removal have been rare indeed and only a handful of federal judges have been removed by formal proceedings. The independence of the judiciary is also encouraged by the rule that a judge incurs no civil liability for judicial acts, even if guilty of fraud and corruption. The American Bar Association�s Code of Judicial Conduct has been widely adopted as a standard to which judges are expected to adhere. Salaries for the higher judicial offices are usually good although less than the income of a successful private practitioner, the prestige of these offices is high, and the bench has been able to attract many of the country�s ablest legal minds. The great names in American law are in large part the names of its great judges.
TEAMWORK
怎么提升雅思口语流畅度？雅思8分牛人经验分享
怎么提升雅思口语流畅度？众所周知，雅思口语的评分标准有四项。而中烤鸭往往注重语法的准确性和词汇的多样性，却忽略了自己的答案的流利度和连贯度。事实上，四项评分标准在评分过程中所占比重相当，所以下面上海雅思培训班将解读Fluency and coherence，并给出几点提升建议。
流利度
考生作答时，要展现出语言交流的能力，这种能力主要体现在4个方面：答案的长度，自我纠正，停顿和感情色彩。
答案的长度：口语考不是一个冷冰冰的考，而是一个人性化的考。所以，考生需要表现出与考官交流的欲望，也就是不能机械的作答，生硬的YesNo后，便什么都不说了。答案的长度在Part3中尤为重要。5分考生的普遍状态是在这个环节，考生的答案还没有考官的问题多。
自我纠正：中国考生由于过于关注语法和词汇，而自己却尚未形成英文思维。所以往往是一边脱口而出Chinglish，一边在心里暗骂自己，然后在懊恼心理的作用下，便做自我纠正，重新说一遍。
停顿：人类说话时的停顿主要有两种：表达受阻的停顿和语意受阻的停顿。种停顿是常发生在5分-6分考生身上的。一句话说到中间的时候，突然想不起来中间某个单词是什么了，所以便卡住了。二种停顿往往发生在6-7分考生身上。考生一直很流利的作答，但是突然想不到下面一句话或是二个Reason该说什么了，然后便卡住了。
感情色彩：流利度不仅仅是词句的通顺程度，还是语言的通顺程度。所谓语言，就是表达你内心所想的工具。每个人的想法都不会是冷冰冰的，都是有感情色彩的。所以，考生的答案应该是融情于语的。
连贯度
中国考生往往被组织成句弄得焦头烂额，常常把句子作为表达的基本单位，从而忽略了组织成段。这样做的结果就是，考生的答案后语不搭前言，所有的句子都是由and连接起来的，让听者觉得一团雾水，不知所云。
提升建议：
流利度
针对前两个方面，考生在做练习时，可以利用手机等录音工具，录下自己的答案，然后分析自己是否需要补充些内容或是重说5遍出现了自我纠正的那句话。
停顿方面，考生可以尝利用同义替换的方式避免表达受阻的停顿。比如，teamwork能让学生更有效率的完成作业。考生如果想不起来efficient这个单词，就可以使用easy这个形容词替换掉efficient。虽然【效率】并不直等于【容易】，但是因为【效率】无非是【容易】的一种体现，所以使用easy去替换掉efficient在这个语境中仍是合乎情理的。
感情色彩方面，考生可以加上一些body language、情态动词和副词。此外，考生还要注意intonation语音语调，重读、延长单词发音和改变音高都可以增加语言的感染力，更准确地表达出考生心中所想。
连贯度
考生应丰富自己的连词语库，而不能永远的用and一词走天下。Firstly，secondly这类段落标记语可以使考官更清楚你要表达的核心内容。But，because这类连接词可以使你的内容更有逻辑性。
求雅思口语Part3 People –leader话题：Do you think teamwork is important? How do you think a team s
1. 结构提示
In addition, there’s a proverb in Chinese says “only when all contribute their firewood can they build up a strong fire.” One’s strength is always limited. A team’s strength is inestimable.
There are various kinds of teams. However, I’ll start with a common one to describe.
2. 要点提示
team member--harmonious interpersonal relationship
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