托福口语素材之描述一个城市
要想获得新托福口语高分，积累必不可少。我们就开始针对托福考试的城市话题，做一些积累吧。
托福口语中对城市的描述 方法
托福口语词汇：“宜居城市”
Vancouver, the Canadian host city of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, remains the most livable city in the world, as it did in 2008.
2010年冬奥会的举办城市加拿大温哥华被选为全球最适宜居住的城市，这是该市在2008年之后再次当选最宜居城市。
在上面的报道中，livable city就是“宜居城市”，也就是适宜居住的城市。判别一个城市是否适宜居住有多项标准，包括stability， healthcare，culture，environment，education，infrastructure(稳定性、医疗保健、 文化 、环境、 教育 、基础建设)等。 “最适宜居住城市”是通过livability survey(宜居性调查)得出的。
Livable的意思是“适于居住的”，例如：slums that are barely livable(不堪居住的贫民窟)。此外，livable还可以表示“(人)容易相处的，(行为)可接受的”或“(生活)过得去的”。例如：Such behavior is not livable with.(这种行为无法容忍。)
托福口语词汇：“一线城市”
China's overall property price will climb 3.3 percent to 6 percent this year, with the first-tier cities experiencing an adjustment in the fourth quarter, China Real Estate Index said in a report over the weekend.
上周末中国房地产指数研究机构在一份 报告 中称，今年中国的房价总体上会有3.3%到6%的增长，一线城市的房价会在第四季度进行一次调整。
在上面的报道中，first-tier city就是“一线城市”。一线城市是指对本国的经济和政治具有重要作用的大都市。在城市规模、基建、财政收入、消费、对人才吸引力等各层面，一线城市一般均领先于其他城市。中国目前被普遍公认的一线城市是北京、上海、广州、深圳。相应地，“二线城市”即second-tier city，一般指除了北京、上海、杭州、广州、深圳、天津以外别的一些大中城市、有一些名气的城市。
据分析，去年房产价格的疯长和credit expansion(信用扩张)有关。由于高房价，许多原来期望在first-tier city发展的年轻人不得不转战second-tier city和third-tier city(三线城市)。许多不甘离开梦想之地的人或成为mortgage slave(房奴)，或成为ant tribe(蚁族)。另外，一线城市的高消费水平也迫使许多人成为moonlight clan(月光族)。想结婚而又无力买房的人只能选择naked wedding(裸婚)。
托福口语词汇：“友好城市”
The capital cities of China and Mexico became sister cities on Monday after visiting Beijing Mayor Guo Jinlong and Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard signed an agreement on establishing such ties.
周一，在墨西哥访问的北京市市长郭金龙和墨西哥城市长马塞洛?埃布拉德签订协议，中墨两国首都确立了友好城市的关系。
在上面的报道中，sister city就是“友好城市”的意思，也可以翻译成“姐妹城市”，西方国家有时还称之为twin city。友好城市指的是将地域上或政治上无关的城镇或城市 配对 起来，以期达到增加居民或文化交流的目的。友好城市之间时常会互相提供exchange student(交换学生)，以及经济或文化上的交流或合作。
和sister city相似的用法还有sister school(姐妹校)，sister ship(姐妹船，同型船)，sister company(姊妹公司)等。Sister除了有“姐妹”的意思，还可以指“护士”或“修女，女教友”。例如：the night sister(夜班护士);a Christian sister(__女教友)。
托福口语词汇：“主办城市”
Shanghai, the host city of Expo 2010, will offer a glimpse of a greener future, Achim Steiner, Under Secretary General of the United Nations, said Tuesday.
联合国副秘书长阿希姆?斯泰纳本周二表示，2010年世博会主办城市上海将呈现给世人一个更加绿色的未来。
在上面的报道中，host city就是指“主办城市”，而与之相应的主办国就被称为host country，也就是“东道国”。在成为host city之前，会有很多candidate city(候选城市)参加申办。在此次评估中，UNEP(联合国环境规划署)对上海进行了air quality(空气质量), transportation(交通), solid waste(固体废物), and public participation(公众参与)等九个方面进行了评估。
托福口语话题解析：城市生活
常用词汇：
apartment, banks, bookstore, building, cafeteria, capital, church, court, countryside, courtyard, district, flat, highway, hotel, house, hospital, junk shop旧货店; library, market, metropolis大都市; monument纪念碑; municipal市的，市政的; municipality市政当局; museum, newsstand报摊; outskirts, port, restaurant, school, scenery, shop, store, skyscraper摩天大楼; slums贫民区; stadium体育场; station, suburb, theatre, university, urban, zoo, etc.
常用 短语 ：
art gallery 美术馆; barber shop, be up to one’s neck in work 忙碌; botanical garden 植物园; city centre, city hall市政厅，市政府; city planning, densely populated, department stores, down payment 分期付款的定金; employment agency职业介绍; garden city, get one’s hands full 很忙; modern buildings, modern industry, post office, public lavatory, public telephone, residential area, shopping center, snack bar, stock exchange股票交易所; traffic light, etc.
常用句型：
1. Could you tell me where the bank is?
2. Excuse me, where is the post office
3. How do you like where you live?
4. I’m an office worker.
5. I work for the government.
6. Let’s go to the snack bar and get something to eat.
7. The mall is packed today.
8. What are the main problems of the city life?
9. When is the store / the bar closing?
10. Where is the Lost and Found counter?
托福口语模版：描述一个地方
1. 我最喜欢的一个地方 Describe a place that you like best in your city. Please state why you like it with specific examples and details.
01My favorite place in my city is the New Oriental Restaurant. The New Oriental restaurant is the largest
restaurant in our city and it provides all kinds of food, from sea food to curry, and from sushi to barbeque.
Though I am a picky gourmet, the New Oriental can make me satisfy. Besides, the New Oriental is
accessible by several buses and subway lines and it hence can be reached within half an hour from my
home, even during rush hour. The price of the New Oriental is very reasonable and the waiters there
provide well rounded service. I love the NO.
Personally speaking, My favorite place in my city is the national library based on following reasons.
Firstly, there are many books to my taste, such as fashion magazines, inspirational books, and professional books. Reading does good to our mind. As a student, we should always recharge ourselves by knowledge in order to meet the need of talents in this society.
Secondly, I always go to the library with my friends. You know, it’s a my glad to share knowledge with other people. Going to the library not only can we acquire knowledge but also can promote our friendship to some degree.
2. 与朋友最喜欢去哪里When you are together with your friends, which place would you like to go? Explain why.
33When I am with my good friends, we will definitely go do some sports together. Most of my friends love
basketball, and we are all pretty good at it. We will play 3 on 3, or three point shootout. It’s great fun and
good to have some sweat. We used to play basketball every week when we were still at school. Although
we play less often now, it is still a great work out. We can lose ourselves in the game. Playing basketball is
also good for health too.
3. 我经常去的一个地方Describe a public area that you visit frequently. Please state why you visit it frequently and include specific examples and details in your explanation.
I usually go to Beihai Park when I have the time. I can go for a stroll in the park to relax. The park has a lot
of trees, and interesting and winding paths, where I can wander listlessly and contemplate my own
thoughts or admire the various stages of nature. Sometimes I just like to feel the breeze on my face and
savor its coolness. It gives me a sense of freedom. It also has a lake on which I can go boating. I often go
to the park with my friends on weekends. And we'll have a picnic if we stay there for the whole day.
4. 描述我上过的一个学校Describe a school that you have attended.
I like my university, Nanjing university, which locates the center area of Nanjing. We have dormitories,
teaching buildings and refectories named by number and research buildings named by subject. So you can
easily find a specific spot. There is also a large playground and gym with a number of exercise facilities.
Furthermore, it has beautiful scenery in the campus, and there are lots of trees, flowers and grasses, so
you can enjoy the fresh air and the euphonic birds’ singing in the morning.
I will introduce one of the schools I have attended. That is the New Oriental School. The New Oriental was founded by Yu Minhong over ten years ago. The aim of the school is to help students get high score in the Tofle or GRE test which permit them to go abroad and take a further study more easily. The New Oriental is full of passion, it has a powerful faculty and subsidiary schools throughout the country. Frankly speaking, It helps me a lot really.
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托福口语提分替换词一览
在托福口语中如果我们能避免重复使用某些词汇会给考官留下好印象托福口语词汇，下面我就为大家带来一些实用托福口语词汇的同义替换词托福口语词汇，希望对托福口语词汇你们有帮助。
托福口语中可以用来表达“好”的替换词汇
amazing: 使人十分惊奇的;令人惊讶的
Your English is amazing.
你的英语太让人吃惊了。
cool: 好;妙;帅;酷;凉
You look cool in your new suit.
你穿这套新衣服真酷。
cute: 漂亮的;可爱的;逗人喜爱的;聪明的
He’s really cute.
他真可爱。
excellent: 优秀的;杰出的
Our teacher speaks excellent English.
我们老师的英语说得好极了。
fabulous: 极好的;绝妙的
A: How do you like the show?
你觉得这场表演如何?
B: Fabulous!
棒极了!
fantastic: 极好的;了不起的
You’ve got the job? Fantastic!
你得到那份工作了?太好了!
marvelous: 极好的;非凡的
That’s a marvelous idea!
这主意真是棒极了。
special:特别的;不寻常的
You know, you are really special!
你知道吗托福口语词汇，你真的很特别。
wonderful: 精彩的;绝妙的;令人惊奇的
She has a wonderful memory.
她的 记忆力 惊人。
托福口语常用的 同义词 整理
1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford
4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster
5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness
7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle
8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative
9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced
10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve
11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge
12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental
13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition
14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away
15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate
16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this
17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to
18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to
19 保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out
20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably
21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly
22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim
23 发生：Happen, occur, take place
24 原因：Reason, factor, cause
25 发展：Development, advance, progress
26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous
27 影响：Influence, impact, effect
28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear
29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose
30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to
31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely
32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe
33 大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly
34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation
35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that
36 换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.
托福高频同义替换词一览
形容词
合适的： suitable/ advisable/ sound/ temperate/ rational/ preferable/ reliable/ fitting/ modest/ moderate
精致的： elegant/ delicate/ elaborate/subtle
美好的： gorgeous/ glorious/ splendid/ admirable/ breathtaking/ impressive/ spectacular/ superb
杰出的： outstanding/ distinguished/ eminent/ excellent/ supreme/ extraordinary/ prominent/ matchless/ foremost
著名的： famous/ illustrious/ celebrated/ notable
聪明的： intelligent/ wise/ ingenious/ sensible/ smart/ clever/ knowledgeable/ capable
大的： immense/ huge/ spacious/ prodigious/ massive/ enormous/ vast/ tremendous/ expansive
小的： slight/ tiny/ microscopic/ small/ diminutive/ minuscule
重要的： important/ significant/ concernful/ pivotal/ superb/ momentous/ vital/ primary/ essential/ principal/ leading/ major/ dominant/ predominant/ fateful
最好的： optimum/ premium
基本的： underlying/ elementary/ fundamental/ essential/ cardinal
不足的： insufficient/ scanty/ meager/ needy/ poor/ scarce/ devoid/ empty/ lacking
充足的： fraught/ sufficient/ enough/ adequate/ abundant
过多的： excessive/ redundant/ overabundant/ inordinate
特殊的： unique/ matchless/ unrivaled/ extraordinary / special
奇怪的： odd/ bizarre/ quaint/ weird/ queer
相似的： similar/ approximate/ proximate/ homogeneous/ identical/ equal/ equivalent/ coordinate.
无效的： null/ invalid/ void
有效的： valid/ acceptable/ effective/ resultful/ efficient/ competent
高兴的： delightful/ happy/ hilarious/ exultant/ gleeful/ joyous/ exalted/ blessed/ pleasing/ amusing
名词
成就， 成功： success/ triumph/ victory/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fruition/ consummation/ attainments
失败： failure/ be defeated/ a case of crabs
观点： point of view/ standpoint/ viewpoint/ frame of reference/ theory
财产： treasure/ profit/ fortune/ moneybag/ wealth/ belongings/ estate/ possessions/ property/ riches/ worth
好处： advantage/ behoof/ benefit/ gain/ good/ stead
优点： excellence/ merit/ strongpoint/ virtue
缺点： bug/ disfigurement/ limitation/ objection/ vice/ lacuna/ defect/downside
发展： development/ evolution/ progress/ grow
普及： popularization/ prevalence.
出现： emergence
情况： circumstance/ condition
原因： causation/ cause/ matter/ reason
影响： infection/ influence/ impact
动词
提供： provide/ supply/ furnish/ give/ render/ accommodate
思考： consider/ speculate/ ponder/ think
建议： propose/ suggest/ advance/ mention/ recommend/ advise/ offer/
吸引： engross/ absorb/ draw/ attract/ intoxicate/ lure/ entice/ tempt
揭示： reveal/ exhibit/ expose/ disclose/ unveil/ show/ transpire/ indicate/ denote
理解： understand/ comprehend
说明： illuminate/ clarify/ illustrate/ exemplify/ explain/ elaborate
暗示： imply / allude/ insinuate
开始： start/emerge/ launch/ start/ begin/ commence/ initiate
带来， 引起： generate/ produce/ give rise to/ engender
停止： stop/ cease/ halt/ terminate/ end/ finish/ conclude
赞同： agree with/ applaud/ approve/ go along with
反对： oppose/ argue against/ combat
副词
非常： very/ extraordinarily/ highly/ in the extreme/ extremely/ largely/ quite/ awfully/ considerably/ greatly
明显的： clearly/ obviously/ distinctly/ evidently/ markedly/ visibly， perfectly entirely increasingly totally authentically really truly
后来： afterward/ consequentially/ then
最后： finally/ eventually/ lastly/ in the end/ ultimately/ at length
因此： therefore/ thus/ consequently/ in result/ hence/ as a result
然而： however/ nevertheless/ whereas
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需要准备托福口语考试的单词吗
托福口语考试是托福考试当中一个很大的输出考试科目，同时也被很多考生认为是托福考试最难得高分的一个考试项目。那么对于这个托福考试最难的考试科目单词同样是非常重要的。
托福考试当中一个很大的输出考试科目，同时也被很多考生认为是托福考试最难得高分的一个考试项目。那么对于这个托福考试最难的考试科目单词同样是非常重要的，我们应该如何去准备呢?
1、积累口语经典句型
托福口语是中国大陆考生的一个软肋，受语言环境的影响，考生很难接触到原汁原味的英语口语。因此，考生有必要在平时多积累一些口语经典句型，建立自己的语料库，让口语表达更加地道。当然，这里所说的积累并不是照搬原话，而是要学会举一反三，在口语表达中灵活运用，让它真正变成自己的“经典”，这样在口语考试时就可以运用自如、脱口而出了。
2、注重习语的积累
要说地道的英语，就要用地道的表达法。考生在备考口语词汇时不仅要学习单词，还要学习习语。如果能在口语中恰当地使用一些习语，会让语言听起来更加地道，给考官留下深刻的印象。英语中的习语有很多，比如“hold water(站得住脚)”，“teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs(班门弄斧)”等等。考生在备考过程中要善于积累，每遇到一个习语，不能只是简单地记住它的意思，更重要的是学会使用。此外，考生还可以通过阅读积累一些地道的表达法，在语境中掌握它的用法。
3、重视词性的学习
考生备考托福词汇，要重视词性的学习。在英语中，词性不同，对应句子的结构也不同。很多考生在学习词汇时往往只重视中文释义，而忽视了对词性的学习，因此在运用词汇时常常出现语法结构上的错误。例如：“He works very hardly.”这句话中的“hardly”是一个副词，意思是“几乎不”，而“hard”本身既可以作形容词，也可以作副词，意为“努力地”，不能混用。因此，在学习口语词汇时，必须熟记单词的词性，熟练掌握单词的用法，以达到准确运用的目的。
4、重读音，确保发音的准确性
托福口语对于很多考生来说是一个不小的挑战，很多同学会因为不规范的发音导致扣分。口语词汇不同于阅读词汇，其学习重点应放在读音上面。考生在备考口语词汇时要养成良好的学习习惯，每学一个单词，最好查一下字典，了解单词的读音，尤其注意多音节单词的重音问题。此外，跟读和模仿也是练习发音的一种方法。考生可以买一本带有音频的词汇书，一边听录音一边跟读和模仿，对托福口语中容易出现发音错误的单词一定要格外引起注意，及时发现并纠正自己的发音问题。
托福备考之口语高分需要多大的词汇量？
1、主动词汇 vs 被动词汇
所谓被动词汇是指放在句子里边，你能够听懂或者读懂的词汇。更准确地, 你可以把"能读懂"的词汇称之为"阅读词汇"，把"能听懂"的词汇称之为"听力词汇"。主动词汇是指在口语或写作中，你可以信手拈来地使用的词汇, 也可以称之为"口语词汇"。
以下边这个句子为例：
I'm a big girl. I can take care of myself. Would you just let me make my own decisions.
你能读懂并且听懂其中每个词汇的意思，说明你对这些词汇的掌握达到了被动词汇的水准，但如果这个句子换你来说呢？你可能不知道girl这里要搭配big还是old，可能会把短语take care of 中的of丢掉，你可能说不出来would you just这样的句式，或着想不起来在my后边加上own，这说明你对这些词汇的掌握尚未达到主动词汇的水准。所以说，口语拼的不是你认识的词汇量, 而是你能信手拈来地使用的词汇量。
认识一个单词(big, would, just, own)并不代表可以信手拈来地使用它，而且往往越是看似简单的词，越难。因为他们变化多端。所以不要单纯地追求词汇量上的胜利, 因为如果都是被动词汇, 没用。
如果，你目前的词汇量有4000，请问其中的主动词汇量有多少呢？
2、词汇量 vs 单词量
词汇和单词是不同的两个概念。词汇既包括单词，也包括由单词构成的搭配，短语、句式等。以下边这句话为例
I didn't mean to be a pain in the ass. I'm your big sister and I'm just looking out for you.
这句话一共有23个单词，想必你都认识，但是I didn't mean to是什么意思？a pain in the ass呢? big sister和look out for you又是什么意思呢？
这些意思你都知道吗？如果是的话，那么恭喜！
但你对它们能够做到信手拈来地使用吗？
I didn't mean to...是句式，a pain in the ass和look out for you是短语，big sister是搭配。
短语称为phrase，字典上一般可以查到, 因为短语的含义往往不同于构成短语的单词的含义之和。
搭配称为collocation, 字典上查不到，因为搭配的含义往往等于构成搭配的单词的含义之和。
所以口语拼的不是单词量，而是词汇量，是单词、搭配、短语、句式的综合。
认识一个单词还不够，还要认识这个单词的相关的搭配、短语、句式，而且要对它们做到信手拈来。因此不要单纯地追求单词量上的胜利，因为只知单词，不知搭配、短语、句式，还是没用。
如果，你目前的单词量有4000, 请问你的搭配、短语、句式量有多少呢？
3、一词多义
很多英语单词都是一词多义的。越是简单的单词往往词义越多，以上边的单词big为例，请看下边10个例句：
1 He has a big heart
2 She's big on music
3 Her movies are big in America
4 It's big of him to forgive you
5 He decided to sue big tobacco
6 This is my big brother
7 He gave me a big kiss
8 Mr Big is coming tomorrow
9 what's the big idea
10 it's no big deal
你理解这些句子中big的意思吗？如果是的话，那么恭喜。但你对这些句子中的big能够做到信手拈来地使用吗？(big的一词多义虽然数量多, 但并不算难, 因为它的多个含义互相之间联系是比较紧密的)。当我们说"认识一个单词"时，仅仅表示知道该单词的一个意思，但是其他的意思呢？所以口语拼的不是你认识的单词数量，而是你对常用单词认识到了什么程度(你认识了多少个含义)。
如果A童鞋认识常用3000单词，每个单词掌握了1个意思；而B童鞋认识常用1000单词，每个单词单词掌握了10个意思。(以big为例的话，A童鞋仅仅会用big box/table/room这个含义，而不会使用上边其他例句中的含义)，你说A童鞋的词汇量是B童鞋的3倍吗？
在我看来，B童鞋的词汇量至少是A童鞋的10倍。
(考虑到使用频率上讲, 常用1000词常用3000词, 那么两人实际口语中体现出的词汇量差距10倍都不止)
所以不要单纯地追求词汇量上的胜利, 而是要追求对于常用单词掌握多个含义。
如果，你目前的单词量有4000，请问你掌握的单词含义有多少呢?
4、小词 vs 大词
中国学生喜欢攀比词汇量，尤其喜欢攀比"高大上"单词的数量。我们的写作老师、口语老师也往往鼓励学生使用一些所谓的"好词好句"。我举个例子：有一次我听一个口语老师给学生讲课，当聊到Friends这个话题时，
学生说：“Yeah, I'm a pretty friendly guy. I get along with people well and I like making friends”。
老师点评：friendly这个词，逼格不够啊，如果换成I'm an amicable guy立马提升了几个档次。
你让我说什么好呢？想必这样的经历大家都不少吧？
写作我不说，但从口语来讲，向上边那样刻意运用大词只能让人觉得你很装，并不代表你口语好。从口语来讲，小词是完爆大词的。恰当并且地道地使用小词，才真正显示你的口语水平。举个例子，要表达这句话"她在故意装作不肯合作的样子"：
A童鞋: She's intentionaly pretending that she isn't willing to cooperate.
B童鞋: She's playing hard to get
仅仅看这两句话，仅仅从口语来讲，你觉得哪个童鞋口语更好？
那么什么是小词？就是短小的词，常用的词，特别是介词、连词等虚词。比如上边的play, hard, to, get这些词。因此口语拼的不是你认识了多少"高大上"的单词，而是你对于小词掌握到了什么程度，所以不要单纯地追求词汇量上的胜利， 尤其不要追求大词，因为对于口语，小词才是王道。
托福口语 常用的逻辑词？
1. Addition(递进)
常用词汇托福口语词汇：moreover, what is more, furthermore, , let alone,
additionally, not to mention (this)， besides (this) , in addition (to
this)
2. Reference(引用)
常用词汇托福口语词汇：considering (this)， regarding (this)， as for (this)， concerning (this)， on the subject of (this)
3. Example (举例)
常用词汇托福口语词汇：such as, particularly, especially, for example, like, in particular, for one thing, notably
4. Similarity(相似)
常用词汇：similarly, in the same way, equally, likewise, as well as
5. Clarification(澄清)
常用词汇：that is (to say)， I mean, (to) put (it) another way, in other words, namely, specifically
6. Conflict(转折)
常用词汇：but, while, on the other hand, however, whereas, in contrast, conversely, still, instead
7. Emphasis(强调)
常用词汇：even more, above all, indeed, more importantly, besides
8. Concession(让步)
常用词汇：but even so, even though, though, although, despite (this)， in spite of (this)， regardless (of this)
9. Cause/Reason(原因)
常用词汇：since, as, in that, for the (simple) reason that, because (of
the fact)， seeing that, owing to (the fact),due to (the fact that)
10. Effect/Result(影响或结果)
常用词汇：consequently, hence, thus, because (of this), as a result (of
this)， for this reason, so that, accordingly, as a consequence, so,
therefore
11. Condition(条件)
常用词汇：if, provided that, in the event that (万一)， as/so long as,
unless, given that, providing that, even if, on (the) condition (that)
12. Conclusion(总结)
常用词汇：lastly, finally, to conclude (with)， as a final point, in the end
以上就是托福口语中比较常用的逻辑词汇总结，大家在具体备考过程中一定要注意适量练习与合理应用，才能在实考时做到心中不慌。
托福口语必备的英语短语
对于托福考试而言，无论是托福写作还是托福阅读，词汇量都是最重要的。
歌剧讲座类词汇
people’s trait [ˈpi：plz] [treit]n.特质
portray [pɔ：ˈtrei]vt.描绘
major/main character [ ˈ meid ʒ ə ]/ [mein] [ ˈ kæriktə]=round character [raund] [ˈkæriktə]n.主角
minor characters[ˈmainə] [ˈkæriktə]=flat character [flæt]
[ˈkæriktə] n.配角
drama[ˈdrɑ：mə]=theater [ˈθiətə]=play [plei]n.戏剧
opera [ˈɔpərə]n.歌剧
entertainment [ ˌ ent ə ˈ teinm ə nt]=recreation [ ˌ rekri ˈ ei ʃ ən]=amusement [əˈmju：zmənt]n.娱乐
museum [mju(：)ˈziəm]n.博物馆
well-made play [wel] [meid] [plei]n.佳构剧
comedy [ˈkɔmidi]n.喜剧
formula [ˈfɔ：mjulə]n.准则，公式
logical [ˈlɔdʒikəl]adj.合乎逻辑的
background [ˈbækgraund]n.背景
lyrics [ˈliriks]n.抒情诗
quotation [kwəuˈteiʃən]n.引用语
servant [ˈsə：vənt]n.仆人
master [ˈmɑ：stə]n.主人
comment [ˈkɔment]n.评论
the inciting [ðə] [inˈsait iŋ]n.刺激
incident [ˈinsidənt]n.事件.
fortune [ˈfɔ：tʃənət]n.命运，运气
obligatory scene [əˈbligəˌtəri] [si：n]n.必须的情节
ending[ˈendiŋ] = denouement [deiˈnu：mɑŋ] n.结局
linguistics [liŋˈgwistiks] .语言学
grammar [ˈgræmə]n.语法
verb [və：b]v.动词
noun [naun]n.名词
adjective [ˈædʒiktiv]n.形容词
分数类词汇
grade (mark 、score) 分数
perfect grade 优异成绩
low grade 低分
high mark 高分
passing grade 及格分
failing grade 不及格分
full marks 满分
straight A’s 全A
be all A’s and B’s 全是A和B
B plus B加
A minus A减
pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试
graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业
作业类
thesis/essay/dissertation 论文
assignment 作业
homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业
lab report 实验报告
book report 读书报告
presentation 发言
term paper 学期论文
project 作业
broad (论文等)内容宽泛的
narrow down (论文等)缩小范围
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