托福语法-(2023更新）_托福

托福阅读语法知识：状语前置

为了帮助烤鸭们更好地理解阅读文章意思，下面我给大家带来托福阅读语法知识：状语前置，希望大家会喜欢!

托福阅读语法知识：状语前置

1. 构成：把由副词、介词、现在分词、动词不定式形成托福语法的小短语放在句首。

2. 效果：为长句铺垫短状语，跌宕起伏。

例文分析：

1.Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.

2. Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.

3. Unfortunately, professionals from other fields who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement.

4. In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.

5. In addition to/ apart from the financial benefits, some jobs bring intellectually rewards.

6. There are not many job opportunities available. Accordingly, the competition for jobs is increasingly fierce.

7. Oddly enough / strange enough, most people seem to enjoy saying which ones are bad, and then say some are slightly better.

8. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves.

9.Interestingly, a reasonable amount of pressure seems to make the majority of employees more productive.

10. The consumption of food and clothing came down after 1980. Similarly, fuel prices fell quite considerably.

11. Specifically, some laws prohibit acts of this kind.

12. In terms of technology, their adult world will be changing constantly.

13. Just like the movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.

14. Like self-awareness, this is also difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.

15. In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology.

16. In some cases, an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.

17. As a result of media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities.

18. Struggling in poverty, people in these countries believe international aid is essential and should be continued.

19. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive.

20. Without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means pointless to try to keep traditions alive with technology.

常见的还有：traditionally/ historically/ essentially/ In essence等

实例讲解从状语从句入手解决托福阅读长难句

例1

Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

托福阅读文章句子成分分析：Ordinary meteoric water 是句子的主语，is 是系动词， that引导的的定语从句修饰water,并在定语从句中做主语，has soaked谓语。

托福阅读翻译：普通的气象水是由来自地表，雨雪降水以及湖泊溪流渗透到地下形成的。

例2

For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

As引导时间状语从句， the great ice sheets 是从句的主语，that 引导定语从句并作从句的主语修饰the great ice sheets ，melted away从句的谓语。Huge volumes of water是主句的主语，flowed是主句的谓语。

翻译：例如，当最后一个冰河时代时期覆盖北美的大量冰原渐渐融化的时候，大量的水从中流出。

例3

In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

托福阅读高分策略句子成分分析：In that case介词短语作状语，climax communities 句子的主语，would be 谓语动词， since表原因。

翻译：那样的话，顶级群落将是最脆落的也是最不稳定的，因为它们需要几百年才能恢复到顶级群落的状态。

例4

It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age.

句子成分分析：it 做形式主语，that 从句做真正的主语

翻译：在最后一个冰川时期，亚洲移民慢慢穿越白令陆桥殖民美洲，这是长期以来被人们接受的。白令陆桥就是现在位于亚洲东北部和阿拉斯加洲之间的白令海峡。

例5

Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

句子成分解析：这是一个由and 连接的并列句。And 之后的句子，是一个复合句，although 引导让步状语从句。

翻译：这些力的来源中只有最后一种完全适合机器的持续运转;并且，尽管水力在L和S这两个地方很丰富，它还使谷物磨坊和纺织厂运作，但水力有个很大的劣势：溪水流向自然要让它们去的地方并且靠水驱动的工厂必须坐落在河边，不管这个位置对于其托福语法他因素是不是合理。

例6

Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.

句子成分分析：early in the century是时间状语，and 连接两个并列句

翻译：在本世纪早期，在泵的使用过程中，扩张的蒸汽推动气缸中活塞向上升，然后当气缸中的蒸汽冷凝后，形成真空状态，大气压力使活塞又降下来。

托福阅读真题1

In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents — New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.

The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.

Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's

(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields

(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles

2. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as

resulting primarily from

(A) new economic conditions

(B) images of cities shown in movies

(D) a large migrant population

3. The word meteoric in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) rapid

(B) famous

(D) methodical

4. The word it in line 8 refers to

(A) aqueduct

(B) vision

(D) agricultural potential

5. According to the passage , the most important factor in the development of agriculture around

Los Angeles was the

(A) influx of new residents to agricultural areas near the city

(B) construction of an aqueduct

(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor

6. According to the passage , the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due

largely to the

(A) availability of many skilled workers

(B) beauty of the countryside

(D) region's climate and good weather

7. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los

Angeles area were employed in

(A) farming

(B) oil refining

(D) the motion picture industry

8. According to the passage , the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to

(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system

(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America

(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders

9. The phrase apace with in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) anew with

(B) apart from

(D) at the middle of

10. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to

the relative decline there of

(A) public transportation

(B) industrial areas

(D) oil fields

11. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles

(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images

(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live

(D) was not really a single city

PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D

托福阅读真题2

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America

(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(D) discouraged

3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) value

(B) popularity

(D) diversity

4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's

and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(D) progressive

8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by

Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce power.

(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.

9. The word it in line 25 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(D) mill

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(D) enthusiastic

PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D

托福语法-(2023更新）

介宾短语的托福语法讲解

关于介宾短语的托福语法讲解

导语：介宾短语是我上学的时候觉得容易上手的一块，但是我最近发现很多在托福考试的同学们在介宾短语这一块很不熟练，下面我就为大家分享一篇过于托福考试的`介宾短语干货!

介词不能单独使用，而必须和其他词连用，这些词称作介词的宾语，它们共同构成的介宾短语常在句中作状语，作名词的后置定语，有时作某些动词的宾语补足语

考点一名词作介词宾语

大部分介词的宾语都是由名词(包括代词)充当的，如：under the tree, during the day, 这一考点在题中多次出现

例题：

(1)

The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for ----with which to regulate them.

(A) more accurate than sundials

(B) more accurate sundials

(D) more accurately than sundials

答案：B

解释：search for缺少宾语, 只有B是表达无误的名词词组, 可以作宾语;其他选项的比较形式都有错。

(2)

Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.

应改为：in length.

解释：long 是形容词, 不能单独接在介词之后, 其名词形式length与in构成介宾短语, 表示长度

考点二动名词作介词宾语

名词作宾语时，之后不能再接宾语，这一缺陷可由动名词弥补。

如：before doing the job , after getting back

改错题中常把应该用动名词作宾语的地方误用为名词或不定式，需留心陷阱

例题：

(1)

The Conestoga wagon, used for to carry heavy loads over long distances, originatedaround 1725 in a region of Pennsylvania occupied by the Conestoga Indians.

应改为：carrying.

解释：不定式不能作for的宾语, 改为动名词即可

(2)

Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae ----harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates.

(A) does not

(B) but does no

(D) without

答案：D

解释：harming 是动名词形式, 因此要求前面的词是介词或可接动名词的动词. A B 可首先排除; C 虽是介词, 但与句意不符.

(3) Mary Ann Hardy was known for her skill to paint miniature watercolor portraits on ivory.

应改为：in painting

解释：后置定语修饰名词，什么方面的技能，不能用不定式。

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托福阅读语法技巧：形容词+动词不定式

为了帮助大家更好地理解托福阅读，下面我给大家带来托福阅读语法技巧：形容词+动词不定式，希望对大家有所帮助。

托福阅读语法技巧：形容词+动词不定式

带星号的形容词也可与that从句连用，有时that…should更常见。

在B-E节中句子用it引导的结构。如果it+be…前的动词是find(发现)/think(想)/be-lieve(相信)等，有时可将that及动词be省略：

He found that it was impossible to study at home.相当于：

He found it impossible to study at home.

他觉得不可能在家学习。

1 it+be+形容词(+of+宾语)+动词不定式结构主要与下列各类形容词连用：

(a)表示性格的有：brave(勇敢的)，careless(粗心的)，cow-ardly(怯懦的)，cruel(残酷的)，generous(大方的)，good(好的)，nice(=kind善良的)，mean(吝啬的，卑鄙的)，rude(粗鲁的)，selfish(自私的)，wicked(邪恶的)，wrong(不对的)等。与否定动词或疑问动词连用的有：fair_公正的)/just_(正义的)/right_对的)。

(b)表示智能的有：clever(聪明的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，idiotic_呆痴的)，intelligent(有才智的)，sensible(有见识的)，silly(傻的)，stupid(愚蠢的)。

此外， absurd_荒谬的)，ludicrous_荒.唐的)，ridiculous_(滑稽的)和unreasonable_不合理的)有时也可这样使用。

It was kind of you to help him.

你帮助了他，真好心。

It was stupid(of them) to leave their bicycles outside.

(他们)真傻，居然把自行车放在外面了。

(b)组形容词后的of+宾语结构可省略。有时该结构在(a)组形容词后也可省去，但good和nice除外。(后二者如果省略of+宾语则会改变good和nice的意义。参见E。)

2代词+be+形容词+名词+动词不定式既可以与上面的形容词连用，又可以与下列形容词连用：astonishing_令人惊讶的)，curious_奇怪的)，extraordinary_不寻常的)，funny_(=strange_奇的)，odd_怪的)，queer_怪的)，surpris-ing_令人惊讶的)等。此外还有pointless(无意义的)，useful(有用的)和useless(无用的)也可以这样使用。

It was a sensible precaution to take.

这样预防一下是明智的。

That was a wicked thing to say.

说那种话太恶劣了。

这种评价式的话有时可用惊叹句来表达：

What a funny way to park a car!

这样停车好怪!

What an odd time to choose!

选的时间多怪!

有时在一些表示不赞成的句子中，形容词可以省略：

What a(silly) way to bring up a child!

怎么用这种(愚蠢的) 方法带孩子!

What a time to choose!

怎么选了这么个时间!

that从句的例句如：

It is strange/odd/surprising that he hasn’t answered.

真是奇怪/古怪/令人惊讶，他怎么没回音。

it+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中可以用下列词：advisable_合意的)，inadvisable_不可取的)，better_较好的)，best(最好的)，desirable_可取的)，essential_必要的)，good(好的，可取的)，important_重要的)，necessary_必要的)，un-necessary_不必要的)，vital_非常重要的)。也可以用only+fair_公平的)/just_合理的)/right_对的)。

例句如：

—Wouldn’t it be better to wait?

—No，It’s essential to book in advance.

—等一等不更好吗?

—不行，必须预先订票。

可在除good以外的形容词后或在just后加for+宾语，但在good后会改变其意思，见下文E：

It won’t be necessary for him to report to the police.

他没必要去报告警察。

It is only fair for him to have a chance.

给他一次机会才是公平合理的。

inessential(非必要的)和unimportant(不重要的)通常不这么用，但可以说not essential。

it+be+形容词(+for+宾语)+动词不定式结构中可以用下列形容词：convenient_便利的)，dangerous(危险的)，diffi-cult(困难的)，easy(容易的)，hard_艰难的)，possible_可能的)，impossible(做不到的)，safe(安全的)，unsafe(不安全的)。

Would it be convenient(for you) to see Mr X now?

(您)现在见X先生方便吗?

It was dangerous(for women) to go out alone after dark.

(妇女们)天黑以后单独出门是危险的。

We found it almost impossible to buy petrol.

我们发现几乎买不到汽油。(参见上面A。)

上述形容词除possible之外，均可用于名词+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中：

This cake is easy to make.

这蛋糕很容易做。

The instructions were hard to follow.

这指示很难遵从。

This car isn’t safe to drive.

这辆车开起来不安全。

it+be+形容词/分词+动词不定式可以和下列表示人物感情或反应的形容词及分词连用：agreeable(适意的)，awful_糟糕的)， delightful_令人愉快的)，disagreeable(令人不愉快的)，dreadful_可怕的)，good_nice_=pleasant好的)，horrible_可怕的)，lovely_可爱的)，marvellous_奇妙的)，splendid_极好的)，strange_奇怪的)，terrible_可怕的)，wonderful_精彩的)。

还可用下列动词的现在分词形式：alarm_使惊慌)，amaze_(使惊奇)，amuse_使感到好玩)，annoy_使烦躁)，astonish_使惊讶)，bewilder(使困惑)，bore(使厌烦)，depress_使感到压抑)，disappoint_使失望)，discourage_使沮丧)，dis-gust_使感厌恶)，embarrass(使窘迫)，encourage_鼓励)，excite(使激动)， frighten(惊恐)， horrify_使恐惧)， interest_使感兴趣)， surprise_使惊讶)， terrify(使恐怖)， upset(使心绪烦乱)。

名词fun(使人高兴的经历)和a relief(宽心的事)可与上述词同样用：

It’s awful to be alone in such a place.

独自呆在这种地方是够可怕的。

It’s boring to do the same thing everyday.

每天干同一种工作是挺烦人的。

It was depressing to find the house empty.

发现屋里没人，令人心里很郁闷。

It would be fun/exciting/interesting to canoe down the river.

划小艇顺河而下是很好玩的/令人兴奋的/有趣的。

It was a relief to take off our wet boots.

脱掉我们的湿靴子是个解脱。

在lovely(可爱的)，interesting(有趣的)，marvellous(极妙的)，nice(好的)，wonderful(精彩的)等词之后加上for+宾语结构是常见的，for+宾语结构也可用在其他形容词之后：

It’s interesting(for children) to see a house being built.

(孩子们)看造房子是挺有趣的事。

It was marvellous(for the boys) to have a garden to play in.

(男孩子们)能有个花园在里面玩耍，真是妙极了。

注意：如在good后面加上for+宾语，则把good的意义限制在healthy(有益健康的)/beneficial(有益处的)方面：

It’s good for you to take regular exercise.

经常锻炼对你的身体是有好处的。

(good+动词不定式既有这种含义，也有“愉快的”/“好心的”和“适当的”等意思，请参见上面的B节与C节。)

it+be+形容词+名词+动词不定式结构也可和上述形容词

及分词连用：

It was an exciting ceremony to watch.

观看这个仪式真叫人兴奋。

It was a horrible place to live(in).

住在那个地方可是够可怕的。

在主语+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中如用下列形容词：angry_发怒的)， delighted_高兴的)， dismayed_沮丧的)，glad_高兴的)， happy(幸福的)， pleased_欢喜)， relieved_放心)，sad_伤心)， sorry_抱歉的)及上面E节中的动词的过去分词形式，可表示与上述相似的意思：

I’m delighted to see you.

我见到你很高兴。

这里最常用的动词不定式有：to find(发现)/learn(得知)/hear(听说)/see(看到)，但glad(高兴)/happy(幸福)/sad(悲伤)/sorry(抱歉)等形容词后面也常常使用to say(说)/tell(告诉)/inform(通知)及其他一些动词不定式：

He was glad to leave school.

他很高兴不去上学了。

She was dismayed to find the door locked.

发现门是锁着的，她非常沮丧。

主语+be+形容词/分词+动词不定式结构中可用下列词：

able(能够)/unable(不能够); apt(易于的)， inclined(倾向于赞同)，liable(有义务的/易于……的)，prone(有……倾向的/易于受到……的); prepared(有准备的)， not prepared(=notready， not willing， unwilling没料到的，不情愿的)，reluctant(勉强的); prompt(及时的)， quick(迅速的)，slow(慢的)：

We are all apt to make mistakes when we try to hurry.

我们想赶快把事办完时，都容易出错误。

I am inclined to believe him.

我倾向于相信他。

I am prepared/ready to help him.

我准备帮助他。

He was most reluctant to lend us the money.

他很不情愿把钱借给我们。

He was slow to realize that times had changed.相当于：

He realized only slowly that times had changed.

他慢慢地才认识到时代不同了。

托福阅读高分必备：形容词性从句

托福阅读文段中，大多数都包含着一些形容词性从句，虽然在中没有直接考察语法的题型，不过，如果大家对一些从句分析不清，很有可能影响题意理解。下面，新东方网托福频道为您整理托福阅读中形容词性从句的表现及用法，希望能帮助大家取得托福高分。

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语，其作用是修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。通常定语从句皆置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词(antecedent)，而引导定语从句的词称为关联词。

关联词常有3个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中担当一个成分。关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可以用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。如：

★ One factor which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their cultural identity.(which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely是关系代词which引导的定语从句，用以修饰which的先行词factor, which在从句中用作主语)

★ And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.(where new projects seem warranted是关系副词where引导的定语从句，用以修饰where的先行词regions, where在从句中用作地点状语)

定语从句一般紧跟在其先行词之后。如：

★ Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.(关系代词that引导的定语从句紧跟其先行词artificial irrigation systems之后)

有时也可以与先行词分离。如：

★ A new teacher will come tomorrow, who will teach you Chinese.(关系代词who引导的定语从句与其先行词teacher分离)

用作关联词的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生们绝对没有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中也可以用作宾语，并且用作宾语时可以省去不用);whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语(也可以省去不用);whose是属格，在定语从句中用作定语(有时也可以指物)。如：

★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格关系代词who在从句中作主语)

★ The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英语中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)

★ He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(宾格关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语，也可以省去不用)

★ The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(属格关系代词whose在定语从句中用作定语，指人)

★ The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.(属格关系代词whose在定语从句中用作定语，指物，即car，可以用of which代替，但后者较为正式)

That在定语从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);既可以指人，也可以指物。如：

★ These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.(关系代词that在定语从句中用作主语，指物)

★ Put another way, basic heath-care is now recognized as a ‘public good', rather than a ‘private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself.(关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语，指物)

★ The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.(关系代词that在定语从句中用作主语，指人)

which在定语从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语;一般皆指物(在非正式文体中可省去)。如：

★ Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作主语)

★ Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省去)

which在从句中也可以被用作定语和表语。如：

★ His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作定语)

★ They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作表语)

关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可以位于从句之首，也可以位于从句之末。但以位于从句之首较为正式。如：

★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作介词in的宾语，介词位于定语从句之首，即which之前)

★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介词in位于定语从句之首，which在此可以省去)

像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介词通常放在关系代词的前面。如：

★ The years during which he was away were long years to her.

★ He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.

关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：

★ The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(关系代词who用作介词to的宾语，介词to须位于定语从句之末，who在口语中可以省去)

★ This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(关系代词that用作介词about的宾语，介词about须位于定语从句之末)

有时定语从句中还有其他成分，介词则位于定语从句之中。如：

This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.

先行词指人时，关系代词既可以用who, 也可以用that。但关系代词在定语从句中用作主语时，多用主格who。如：

★ Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.(persons, those, people等先行词多用关系代词who)

★ It is Tom who should be punished.(在强调结构中，指人时多用who)

托福阅读都考哪些语法点?

1.形容词

形容词修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。形容词是修饰回答像"what kind of"　或 "which?"　或 "whose?"　这类的问题。在使用时要注意与副词的区分。

1)以-ly结尾的形容词：friendly， deadly， lovely， lonely， likely， lively， ugly， brotherly

2)以-ly　结尾既为形容词，也为副词：daily， weekly， monthly， yearly， early

2.副词

副词通常修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。(它也可以修饰另一个副词或一个形容词，但是这种情况托福[微博]考试里是比较少见的。)副词经常回答"how?"

正确的位置：

1) 在动词之前;在be动词、助动词之后。

2) 有多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

3) 方式副词well， badly， hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well。

另外，

1) 副词very可修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。

I very like English. (×)

I like English very much. (√)

2) 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

3.比较

当比较两个事物时，用比较级，也就是-er形式或者用修饰词less和more。当比较多于两个以上的事物时，用最高级，也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修饰。

4.措辞错误

像包括its/it's，affect/effect，lie/lay这类长相类似的词常常容易被错用，从而引起审阅者的困惑。如果你不能确定如何用这些词的话，就尽量避免使用。

5.双重否定

与中文不同，在英语里，双重否定很容易出问题，类似于"not none"，"hardly none"和"not never"这样的双重否定都是不正确的。

托福阅读真题

A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.

North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The history of surveys in North America

(B) The principles of conducting surveys

(D) The importance of polls in American political life

2. The word they in line 8 refers to

(A) North Americans

(B) news shows

(D) opinions

3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that

they

(A) are not based on a representative sampling

(B) are used only on television

(D) reflect political opinions

4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) planned

(B) rational

(D) accurate

5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?

(A) A high number of respondents

(B) Carefully worded questions

(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results

6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) utilize

(B) consider

(D) defend

7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) compose

(B) rule out

(D) bring out

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated

with questionnaires is that

(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires

(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read

(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions

9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live

interviews

(A) cost less

(B) can produce more information

(D) minimize the influence of the researcher

10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) explore

(B) influence

(D) apply

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Survey (line 1)

(B) Public opinion (line 8)

(D) Response rate (line 24)

PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A

托福阅读语法技巧：形容词+动词不定式相关文章：

托福有语法题吗

没有。

托福语法已经不再是托福考试中的一个项目，但是想要在托福考试中取得好成绩，储备好自己的语法知识是非重要的一门功课。

托福考试题型有四个部分，听说读写。思拓教育托福班的词汇书有绿宝，词以类记。用新东方核心语法。

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